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Sodium Fluoride is an inorganic chemical compound with the formula NaF. A colorless solid, it is a source of the fluoride ion in diverse applications. Sodium Fluoride is less expensive and less hygroscopic than the related salt potassium fluoride.

Structure, general properties, occurrence:
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Sodium fluoride is an ionic compound, dissolving to give separated Na+ and F- ions. Like sodium chloride, it crystallizes in a cubic motif where both Na+ and F- occupy octahedral coordination sites.

 The mineral form of NaF, villiaumite, is moderately rare. It is known from plutonic nepheline syenite rocks.

Production:
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NaF is prepared by neutralizing hydrofluoric acid or hexafluorosilicic acid (H2SiF6), byproducts of the production of superphosphate fertilizer. Neutralizing agents include sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate. Alcohols are sometimes used to precipitate the NaF:

 HF + NaOH ? NaF + H2O
From solutions containing HF, sodium fluoride precipitates as the bifluoride salt NaHF2. Heating the latter releases HF and gives NaF.

HF + NaF ? NaHF2
In a 1986 report, the annual worldwide consumption of NaF was estimated to be several million tonnes.

Applications
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Fluoride salts are used to enhance the strength of teeth by the formation of fluorapatite, a naturally occurring component of tooth enamel. Although sodium fluoride is also used to fluoridate water and, indeed, is the standard by which other water-fluoridation compounds are gauged, hexafluorosilicic acid (H2SiF6) and its salt sodium hexafluorosilicate (Na2SiF6) are more commonly used additives in the U.S. Toothpaste often contains sodium fluoride to prevent cavities. Alternatively, sodium fluoride is used as a cleaning agent, e.g. as a "laundry scour". A variety of specialty chemical applications exist in synthesis and extractive metallurgy. It reacts with electrophilic chlorides including acyl chlorides, sulfur chlorides, and phosphorus chloride. Like other fluorides, sodium fluoride finds use in desilylation in organic synthesis. The fluoride is the reagent for the synthesis of fluorocarbons.

 In medical imaging, fluorine-18-labelled sodium fluoride is used in positron emission tomography (PET). Relative to conventional bone scintigraphy carried out with gamma cameras or SPECT systems, PET offers more sensitivity and spatial resolution. A disadvantage of PET is that fluorine-18 labelled sodium fluoride is less widely available than conventional technetium-99m-labelled radiopharmaceuticals.

Safety
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The lethal dose for a 70 kg (154 lb) human is estimated at 5–10 g. Sodium fluoride is classed as toxic by both inhalation (of dusts or aerosols) and ingestion. In high enough doses, it has been shown to affect the heart and circulatory system.

 In the higher doses used to treat osteoporosis, plain sodium fluoride can cause pain in the legs and incomplete stress fractures when the doses are too high; it also irritates the stomach, sometimes so severely as to cause ulcers. Slow-release and enteric-coated versions of sodium fluoride do not have gastric side effects in any significant way, and have milder and less frequent complications in the bones. In the lower doses used for water fluoridation, the only clear adverse effect is dental fluorosis, which can alter the appearance of children's teeth during tooth development; this is mostly mild and is unlikely to represent any real effect on aesthetic appearance or on public health.

(More…)

I have decided to release my personal report of what I found when I decided to research fluoride for the very first time. Since I wrote this report several years ago, some of my information might not be current with any new findings from then until now.

Here is that report:

— — — —

Water Fluoridation: Truly Wasted Management.

 

A report on the affects of fluoride on the environment and the people who consume it daily.

 

Written by: EndofDayz- Tuesday, October 07, 2003

 

 

Recently, I read a very engaging report from the Earth Island Journal on the affects of fluoride on humans and the environment, written by Bob Woffinden. I have to say, I was taken aback when I learned that fluoride is actually composed of approximately 80% toxic poisonous compounds. My first reaction was that the addition of fluoride to municipal water supplies would become a national catastrophe in the U.S. if left unchecked.

Are we silently being used to "Launder", if you will, these extremely toxic and particularly poisonous hazardous wastes?  I came to find later that this stuff is the byproduct of the aluminum, uranium, and phosphate fertilizer industries.

~source: [AMERICA: OVERDOSED ON FLUORIDE - http://www.universalwater.net/Fluoride_in_Drinking_Water.htm - Lynn Landes, ZeroWasteAmerica.com (215) 493-1070 and Maria Bechis, Updated July 1998].

 

So, are you scared yet? I know I am. You ought to be too. Did you know that the fluoride the municipalities are adding to your water supply is comprised of approximately 80% Poisonous, Toxic Waste compounds? Americans have been duped by congress into literally “personally filtering” the waste byproducts of the major fluoride producing industries; who in turn actually charge the municipalities for the fluoride they produce. This, by the way, is a toxic & poisonous waste byproduct of their industry. One with which they are charged with disposing “At their own cost”.

 

Well, what better way is there to legally dump toxic waste without being fined? Feed it to the animals! (That is what they think of 80% of the Human population).

 

In fact they are getting paid to make the stuff and force it, literally, down our throats! There is little doubt that this practice is encouraged by these industries considering the colossal loss of revenues that could be involved if they actually had to properly dispose of this Toxic Waste. It has even been speculated that the sugar industry has good reason to support the fluoridation of water supplies too. Though the reason was unclear, it can be speculated that if sugar causes cavities and fluoride fights the very acids produced by sugar in our mouths, then fluoride is good. Thus we don’t have to worry about sugar and we can just keep eating as much as we want. So we go on being “Human Waste Filters” and C & H executives go on long expensive vacations with the money made from sugar sales. Protected, of course, by the fallacy that fluoride fights cavities. Well, I guess that could be a true statement in a sense, since dead men don’t get cavities.

 

The health risks of exposure to fluoride, in our water supply and in the foods we eat every day and especially in our toothpaste, are just too great to be ignored. In Uganda where the fluoride levels in the water supply are high, children who drink the water have far more problems with tooth decay than their equals in low fluoride districts. While researching this report, I read a study which shows that 6 out of 135 people (about 4%) in high fluoride districts loose teeth due to caries (cavities). There are even worse health risks to worry about than just cavities. Fluoride also causes fluorosis, “An abnormal condition caused by excessive intake of fluorine, as from fluoridated drinking water, characterized chiefly by mottling of the teeth.” [dictionary.com] or even worse, “crippling Skeletal Fluorosis” – “A debilitating condition that occurs when fluoride accumulates in bones, making them extremely weak and brittle. In parts of China, India and Turkey where water is naturally high in fluoride, residents tend to age early and die before the age of 50, weak, arthritic and hunched over. "Old" men of 30 drag themselves around, leaning on sticks; their bones shatter like glass when they fall. Women give birth to dead babies after pregnancies of only four months.” [Dr. Hardy Limeback Fluoride expert - A Crack Appears in the Fluoride Front - http://waterindustry.org/frame-11.htm try also A crack appears in the fluoride front].

 

The list of issues goes on for quite a long stretch; I could research this on the internet, probably for a solid week and still learn new facts. One thing is for sure though. I now firmly and rigorously oppose the intake of even a single ion of fluoride for anyone. Even the FDA has fluoride listed as an “unapproved new drug”. Furthermore, the EPA has listed fluoride as a contaminant. [AMERICA: OVERDOSED ON FLUORIDE - http://www.universalwater.net/Fluoride_in_Drinking_Water.htm ].

 

“Fluorosis can also lead to bone decay and has been linked to Alzheimer’s disease, kidney damage, cancer, genetic damage, neurological impairment, and bone pathology.” [AMERICA: OVERDOSED ON FLUORIDE - http://www.universalwater.net/Fluoride_in_Drinking_Water.htm ]. Forget the fluoride! Japan just developed a new tooth paste called “Apagard-M” – it uses hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate) instead of fluoride compounds to recalcify and strengthen the teeth. Apagard-M seems harmless enough but it has not been around very long so who knows just yet whether it is harmless or not.

 

One final and Important note: I found a table of the compounds found in fluoride in a reference to a 1990 “confidential memo” labeled “For Reference Only – Do Not Send Out” which was prepared by Lucier Chemicat Industries, Ltd, and sent to the city of St. Petersburg, Florida. It states that LCI purchases fluorosilicic acid (aka hydrofluorosilicic acid) from Cargill Fertilizer, Inc. Then sells it to the city of St. Petersburg, Florida, who in turn, pours it into the municipal water supplies. The memo warns that the fluoridation agent is a “highly corrosive” solution and defined the color as “white to straw yellow in color”. The memo also listed the following ingredient list:

 

The fluid nature of the reactor fluids allow them to be used over and over again, removing only the products that have been generated during operation (uranium in the blanket, fission products in the fuel salt). This ability to continually REUSE the reactor nuclear fuels represents a profound advantage over the solid-fuelled uranium approach.

Recycling the “Wastes” of Fission

Fission processes inevitably generate a variety of fission product elements and a large number of isotopes, most of which are neutron-rich and radioactive. The familiar double-humped distribution of fission products reflects the physical reality that each fission event results in two fission products, a “heavy” one and a “light” one. As each of these fission products tends to have many more neutrons than is needed for nuclear stability at its new “station” in life, rapid beta decay generally follows fission and most fission products assume a stable form quite quickly.

When all of the isotopes of an element reach stability it can logically be asked whether or not they are worth chemical extraction and recycling to other, non-nuclear uses.

Consider the case of xenon. Xenon is a noble gas and fission product that accounts for a fair fraction of the mass of fission products from uranium fission. Xenon has a variety of isotopes but the longest lived one (133) has only a half-life of 5.2 days. Therefore, proceeding on the rule-of-thumb that “ten half-lives and you’re gone” after 50 days of storage the xenon remaining from fission would be essentially non-radioactive. In a conventional solid-core reactor the xenon is bound up in the solid-oxide fuel rod and can only be extracted by chopping up and dissolving the fuel element, but in a fluoride reactor it is very easy to extract xenon. In fact, it will come out of solution with essentially no effort at all. Since xenon is a valuable gas, rather than vent the xenon to the atmosphere it can be separated from the krypton by cryogenic distillation and sold. NASA and commercial satellite operators, for instance, use xenon for ion engines for spacecraft. Future NASA missions to Mars that have considered using xenon have had to seriously consider whether the world supply of xenon was sufficient to make such missions possible. Xenon recovered from fission might increase xenon supply.

Another valuable material from fission is neodymium. Within the last 20 years, the discovery of a neodymium-iron-boron alloy that can be used to make super-strong, super-light magnets has caused neodymium demand to increase tremendously. Ironically, one of the markets that is in greatest demand for neodymium is the wind turbine market. They need large electrical generators due to the diffuse nature of the wind energy source, and they need these electrical generators to be as lightweight as possible so that they can be mounted on top of large towers. Neodymium magnets are particularly suited to this demanding application.

Neodymium is the third-most-common element generated from fission (by mass) and also achieves nuclear stability relatively quickly; its longest-lived isotope (147) has a half-life of 10.9 days. By aging the high-level waste from the distillation process in fluoride reactors appropriately, one could extract the neodymium trifluoride from the other fluorides and convert it to a metallic form through electrolysis or metallic reduction. The neodymium would then be available to sell to the burgeoning market.

Xenon and neodymium represent two recycling opportunities where a period of “aging” is needed before the isotopes stabilize and partitioning and marketing is possible. But there are other isotopes in the “waste” stream of a fluoride reactor where the radioactive form of the isotope is the desirable and economic product. An example of this case is the life-saving medical isotope molybdenum-99. Currently, molybdenum-99 is generated in specially-designed medical isotope production reactors in Canada and rushed to medical facilities across North America. Mo-99 decays to technetium-99m, which is then extracted and introduced into human patients in order to facilitate diagnostic procedures. The market for Mo-99 is quite large, but in solid-fuelled reactors, the Mo-99 produced by fission is not accessible until the fuel is reprocessed. Since that is an infrequent event in solid-fuelled reactors, the overwhelming majority of the Mo-99 produced in such reactors is never productively utilized; rather it simply follows its decay chain to Tc-99. In a fluoride reactor, on the other hand, the fluid nature of the reactor makes it possible to continuously extract Mo-99 along with the other isotopes of molybdenum. Molybdenum forms a volatile hexafluoride much like uranium does, and when the fuel salt is fluorinated, U, Mo, and several other elements come out of solution as gaseous hexafluorides. These can then be separated on from another by distillation at different temperatures, much like crude oil is refined. The molybdenum could then be shipped to medical facilities, where the Mo-99 would decay to Tc-99m that could be chemically extracted and given to patients who need it.

Xenon, molybdenum, and neodymium are three of the most common fission products but many others have value too. The fluid nature of the fluoride reactor makes RECYCLING of the so-called waste quite likely to be economically attractive in many circumstances.

Summary: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

The environmental dictum of “reduce, reuse, recycle” has been considered in terms of the thorium-fuelled, liquid-fluoride reactor and found to be a simple and unifying theme for the options that this technology makes available. Relative to a conventional, solid-fuelled uranium reactor, one can drastically REDUCE the generation of transuranic actinides, REUSE the thorium and uranium fuel is a way that allows for complete consumption of the energy resources, and RECYCLE three of the most common fission products into economically useful and even life-saving applications. The thorium-fuelled liquid fluoride reactor is worthy of significant further attention, investigation, and funding based on these and many other merits.

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